Banks buy government securities by offering the reserves they already hold on accounts at the ”Riksgälden”. ”Riksgälden” then debit the banks deposits with government securities.
A sale of government bonds is something quite different from ”government loans”.
What we call ”borrowing” is more akin to a transfer of deposits from a transaction account to a savings account were banks get a better interest on their reserves.
When the arrangement expires the deposits is then brought back along with the interest rate or they are put up for a new period of time.
This is rightly considered as a good safety for the banks, because the state’s main asset is to create and give out new money when spending.
A government who owns its own currency cannot ”run out of money”. Which is more than evident if you are a member of the eurozone. Ask Greece, Finland , Portugal, Spain , Ireland what they have to give up not to run out.
Government securities are therefore nothing more than an interest-bearing savings account. They can always print new money. Or start issuing digital money.
Members of the eurozone like Finland, Greece, Portugal and Spain are being forced to give up valuable resources to not run out. Which is likely to put them into even more dependency to the currency issuer. Since these countrys are loosing their ability to be self sufficient and self-supporting, and to make decisions on their own resources.
They are tranfered to someone else to take advantage of.